Linux 系统日常维护命令

@2013-08-22 新版功能: 创建

在 @2019-01-25 版更改: 增加进程管理

软件包维护

常见发行版（Gentoo，Debian/Ubuntu，RHEL/CentOS）的软件包维护命令。

日常维护命令列表
功能 Gentoo Debian/Ubuntu RHEL/CentOS
软件包同步
  • emerge --sync
  • eix-sync
 apt-get update  
更新所有安装的软件 emerge -auvDN world
  • apt-get upgrade
  • apt-get --just-print upgrade 不实际更新
 yum update
搜索软件 emerge -s busybox apt-cache search busybox yum search busybox
安装/更新软件 emerge -av busybox apt-get install busybox
  • rpm -[i|U]vh *.rpm
  • yum [install|update] busybox
删除软件 emerge -C busybox
  • apt-get remove busybox
  • apt-get purge busybox
  • rpm -e busybox
  • yum remove busybox
自动清除不需要的软件 emerge --depclean apt-get autoremove package-cleanup --leaves
查看软件包安装的文件列表
  • qlist busybox
  • equery files busybox
 dpkg -L busybox rpm -ql bash
查找文件所属的软件包
  • qfile /etc/sysctl.conf`
  • equery belongs /etc/sysctl.conf
 dpkg -S /etc/sysctl.conf rpm -qf /etc/sysctl.conf
列出所有安装的软件包
  • equery list *
  • equery list -i (gentoolkit <0.3)
  • dpkg -l / dpkg-query -l
  • apt list --installed
 yum list installed
校验软件包 equery check busybox cd / && md5sum -c /var/lib/dpkg/info/busybox.md5sums rpm -V busybox
查看安装包版本 equery uses bash dpkg-query -W -f='${Version}' bash rpm -qi bash
查看二进制包内容   dpkg -c *.deb rpm -qpl *.rpm
包证书管理  
  • apt-key update
  • apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv {KEYID}
  • apt-key add -
  
更新历史日志 /var/log/emerge.log /var/log/apt/history.log  

Gentoo 更新步骤

@2018-12-20 新版功能: 创建

  • eix-sync
  • emerge -auvDNgk world
  • eselect news read
  • perl-cleaner --all -- -gk
  • python-updater
  • revdep-rebuild
  • cd /etc/ssl && rm ...
  • emerge --depclean -p

Portage 配置

  • FEATURES

    • collision-protect

      If you are using FEATURES=collision-protect, Portage will reject the upgrade. If this is the case, please temporarily switch to FEATURES=protect-owned for the upgrade.

    • preserve-libs

      Preserve libraries when the sonames change during upgrade or downgrade. Libraries are preserved only if consumers of those libraries are detected. Preserved libraries are automatically removed when there are no remaining consumers. Run emerge @preserved-rebuild in order to rebuild all consumers of preserved libraries.

进程管理

@2019-02-14 新版功能: 创建

  • 找出仍在使用被删除文件或动态库的进程

    lsof | grep -v -E "\\s(/dev/(zero|shm/.*)|/\\[aio\\]|/tmp/\\S* \\(deleted\\))$" | grep -E "( \\(deleted\\)$|\\s+DEL\\s+)\\s?"

用户/组管理

@2013-08-07 新版功能: 创建

  • 由标准输入修改密码：echo "root:password" | chpasswd

  • 验证密码是否正确：

    SHADOW0=$(awk -v user=root -F: '{if ($1 == user) {print $2;}}' /etc/shadow)
SALT=$(echo $SHADOW0 | awk -F\$ '{print $3;}')
SHADOW1=$(echo password | mkpasswd -S "${SALT}" -s -m SHA-512)
[ ${SHADOW0} = ${SHADOW1} ] && echo "password correct"

  • 基于 uid/gid 排序 /etc/passwd， /etc/group 文件：

    • sort -n -t ':' -k3 /etc/passwd
    • pwck -s / grpck -s